S3xual conflict between males and females can lead to changes in the shape of their genitals, according to research on burying beetles by scientists at the University of Exeter.
The study, published today in the journal Evolution, provides new evidence that conflict over how often mating takes place can lead to males evolving longer p*nis-like organs and females larger ‘claws’ on their genitalia, within ten generations.
Genital shape varies enormously across the animal kingdom compared, for instance, to body shape. One reason for this may be that the shapes of male and female genitalia co-evolve as a result of s*xual conflict.
Dr Megan Head, one of the authors of the new study said: “It takes two to tango, so when changes in shape in one s*x leads to corresponding changes in the other s*x this is known as co- evolution.”
S*xual conflict over mating occurs because, whilst having lots of s*x is usually good for a male — as it increases the number of offspring he is likely to produce — it is not so good for a female because she only needs to mate a few times to fertilise all her eggs.
In addition too much s*x can be costly for female burying beetles as it reduces their ability to provide parental care. In order to test whether s*xual conflict could lead to co- evolutionary changes in the shape of genitals the researchers artificially selected pairs of burying beetles for either high mating rates or low rates for ten generations. The research found that this artificial selection resulted in changes in the shapes of both male and female genitalia.
It also found that changes in one s*x were reflected by changes in the shape of the other s*x, showing there was co-evolution.
The greatest changes in shape occurred in beetles selected for high mating rates, where s*xual conflict was greatest: males evolved to have longer intromittent organs (p*nis-like structures) and females responded by evolving more pronounced ‘claws’ on their genitalia.
Dr Paul Hopwood, of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at the University of Exeter, said: “Although we don’t know the ins and outs of how these genital structures relate to the reproductive success of each s*x, our results show that s*xual conflict over mating can lead to co-evolutionary changes in the shape of the genitals of burying beetles.” He added:
“Our research demonstrates the general importance of conflicts of interest between males and females in helping to generate some of the biodiversity that we see in the natural world.
It’s fascinating how genital evolution can happen so fast – in ten generations – showing how rapidly evolutionary changes can occur.”
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